Rhetoric Devices
What is rhetoric?
A LIST OF MAIN FIGURES OF SPEECH, RHETORIC
(1) Based on Similarity:
Simile:
In a simile, a comparison is made between two different things or ideas by the word 'like' or 'as'. The following examples may taken in this regard.- The burglar moves like a cat.
- The boy shows the man as morning shows the day.
Metaphor:
In a metaphor an implied comparison is made between two different thins or ideas. But the point of comparison between them is no clearly shown. In metaphor, unlike simile, the words 'like', 'as', 'so' etc. are dropped. For example:- The camel is the ship of the desert.
Allegory:
It is comparison between two different objects but the comparison is not short. It is not, like the simile or metaphor, simply figurative, but has a didactic or instructive note or objective.Parable:
The Parable is a short allegorical story or narrative. The story is allegorical, implying an analogy. It is intended for a highly religious or moral instruction such as 'The Parable of the Prodigal Son', 'The Parable of the Sower' in Bible etc.Fable:
A fable is a short story like parable with a moral but it is not allegorical as the parable. It contains a fictitious story, a narrative, quite short, and it is generally found concerned with irrational animals and their habits. Some examples of fables are- 'The Lion and The Mouse' in Aesop's Fables', Chaucer's 'The Nun's Priest's Tale' etc.2. Based on Association:
Metonymy:
The name of one thing is substituted for that of another, when these two things are loosely associated. That means when you think a particular thing and this thing reminds you os something else associated with it (one thing is said , but another thing is is meant, and there exists a relation between the thing named and the thing meant).For example-
- A sweet throat enchants the audience.
- Who steals my purse steals my trash.
- It is good for students to read Milton.
In all above the sentences, one thing is said but another is meant; in the first sentence 'throat' is said but 'voice' is meant; In the 2nd sentence, 'purse' is said but 'money' is meant. Similarly, in the last sentence 'Milton' is said but 'Milton's writing is meant respectively.
Metonymy has six varieties in which one thing is said but another one is meant. These are given below:
- Symbol or sign for the thing symbolised
- Instrument or organ for the agent
- Author for his work and place for its production
- Container for the thing contained
- Effect for the cause and the cause for the effect
- Name of the passion for the object and the act for the object inspiring it.
Synecdoche:
In synecdoche one thing is named and another thing is meant. There is an intimate relationship between the thing named and the thing meant. For example:India can fight against COVID-19.
[Here India is named and people of India is meant.]
Like metonymy, synecdochy variates in different modes. These are:
- A part for the whole
- The whole for part
- The species for the genus
- The concrete for the abstract
- The abstract for the concrete
- The material for the thing made
- Individual for the class
Allusion
An allusion is a word or expression used recalls to one's mind some notable character, memorable event, legend, or saying of the past.Antithesis
In an antithesis two contrasted words or ideas are placed together in a balanced form for the sake of emphasis some thought, idea, or concept. For exampleThe scheme was great, but the execution was poor.
Expression; In the above sentence, two contrasted words 'great' and 'poor' are placed in a balanced form for emphasis. So, it is an example of antithesis.
I love the country, I hate the town
Youth is full of pleasure, age is full of care
To do a great right, do a little wrong.
Man proposes, but God disposes.
In the above sentences two contrasted ideas- 'love the country' and 'hate the town', 'youth is full of pleasure' and 'age is full of care' in the second sentence; 'do a great right' and 'do a little wrong' in the third sentence; 'man proposes' and 'God disposes' are placed in a balanced form. So, these are examples of Antithesis.
Epigram
In a epigram, there is a contradiction in the apparent meaning of the language used, but there is an inner meaning. For example-No man teaches well, who wants to teach.
Expression;
[Here, a contradiction exists in the apparent meaning of the expression.]
Oxymoron
In an oxymoron, two contradictory words are placed side by side in order to achieve impressiveness or some significant sense. For example-Life is bitter sweet.
Expression;
In the above sentence, two contradictory words- 'bitter' and 'sweet' are placed side by side to achieve impressiveness.
Climax
in a climax words or ideas are arranged in ascending order of importance. For example:I came, I saw and I conquered.
Anti-climax
Anti-climax is the opposite of the climax. There is, unlikely climax, a sudden fall of the highest thought to the mean thought. The purpose is to provoke laughter or fun to excite ridicule. For example:Explanation: In the above sentence, there is a sudden fall from the lofty to the mean thought with a view to provoke laughter. Here from 'wife' and 'children' is a sudden fall to 'pen' which evokes laughter. There is a sudden fall from the most important to the least impressive or important. So, it is an example of Anti-climax.
Personification:
Interrogation:
Hath not a Jew eye ?
Exclamation:
Chiasmus:
Beauty is truth, truth beauty.
Fair is foul, and foul is fair.
Zeugma:
In a zeugma, one verb is connected with two nouns and each of these nouns requires a separate verb. For example,
What is a simile?
A simile is a figure of speech that compares two different things using the words 'like' or 'as'. For example: "The burglar moves like a cat."
What is a metaphor?
A metaphor is a figure of speech that makes an implied comparison between two unlike things without using 'like' or 'as'. For example: "The camel is the ship of the desert."
What is an allegory?
An allegory is an extended metaphor where characters, events, or settings represent abstract ideas, conveying a deeper moral or political meaning.
What is a parable?
A parable is a short allegorical story designed to illustrate or teach a moral or spiritual lesson. For example: "The Parable of the Prodigal Son."
What is a fable?
A fable is a short story, typically featuring animals as characters, that conveys a moral lesson. For example: "The Lion and The Mouse."
What is metonymy?
Metonymy is a figure of speech where one word or phrase is substituted with another with which it's closely associated. For example: "It is good for students to read Milton," where "Milton" represents his works.
What is synecdoche?
Synecdoche is a figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa. For example: "India can fight against COVID-19," where "India" represents the people of India.
What is antithesis?
Antithesis is a rhetorical device where two opposite ideas are put together in a sentence to achieve a contrasting effect. For example: "Man proposes, but God disposes."
What is an oxymoron?
An oxymoron is a figure of speech where two seemingly contradictory terms appear together. For example: "Life is bittersweet."
What is personification?
Personification is a figure of speech where human qualities are attributed to animals, inanimate objects, or abstract concepts. For example: "The wind whispered through the trees."
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